THESIS ON FLOATING BUILDING
CHAPTER-1
INTRODUCTION
1. 1 INTRODUCTION
A floating building is a building unit with a flotation system at its base, to allow it to float on
water. It is common to define such a building as being "permanently
moored" and not usable in navigation. Floating buildings are usually
towed into location by another ship and are unable to move under their own
power.
India
being a peninsular country and surrounded by Arabian Sea, Bay of Bengal and
Indian Ocean is quite prone to flood. As per Geological Survey of India (GSI)
the major flood prone areas covers 12.5% of total country area. Flood, the most
common disaster of India causes immense to country’s property and lives every
year. The major flood prone areas in India are river banks and deltas of Ravi,
Yamuna, Gandak, Sutlej, Ganga, Ghaggar, Kosi, Teeste, Brahmaputra, Mahanadi,
Mahananda, Damodar, Godavari, Mayurakshi, Sabarmati and their tributaries.
Cyclonic storms can cause floods in Andhra Pradesh, Orissa and Tamil Nadu. The monsoon
rain causes heavy rainfall and flooding in southern eastern part of country.
One
of the major effect of climatic change is melting of ice in northern hemisphere
which causes the sea level to rise. According to United Nation three quarter
world’s largest cities are located along the sea and expected 70 percent of
world population to live in those cities by 2050. Another effect of climate
change is increase in amount of rainfall, which is already causing frequent
flooding in many places. With increase in population in urban area, peoples
exposed to the floods will increase in future. The most exposed to sea level
rise are the coastal regions and the deltas. The current defense against the
flood and sea water rise is not enough for future defense, according to
experts. We have to either leave those coastal lands at risk or to adapt with
climatic change.
In this present era of 21st century due to huge population the
no. of areas in units are decreasing day by day. Few years back the populations
were not so vast so they used to stay in Horizontal system(due to large area
available per person).But now a day’s people preferring Vertical System(high
rise building due to shortage of area).In high rise buildings we should concern
about all the forces that act on a building ,its own weight as well as the soil
bearing capacity .For external forces that act on the building the beam, column
and reinforcement should be good enough to counteract these forces
successfully.
1.2 OBJECTIVE
The goal of this study
is to explore how important Amphibious Architecture to coastal and riverside
areas. How to overcome the difficulties with floods and rising sea water. To
discover whether Amphibious Architecture is suitable method for India. To
ensure the safety of life and protection from flood. Sustainable and affordable
way of achieving Amphibious Architecture for India. To achieve the amphibious
housing for low income group. Common people should understand the cause and
effect of climate change and how to overcome the change. To change our current
understanding towards floating building. The proposal for this dissertation
will provide sustainable housing for the people of India to create permanent
amphibious structure protected from flood.
1.3 PROBLEM AND
JUSTIFICATION
India is the fastest
growing country with second largest population in the world. Due to rural urban
migration based on many factors the country has experienced rapid growth.
Already containing 17.5% of the world’s population India is projected to be the
world’s most populous country by 2022, surpassing China. The Indian population
had reached the billion mark by 1998. As the city population increases the low
income people are forced to settle down in slum and squatter settlement. India has
many rivers had flood periodically in the low lands areas. Flood remains life
threatening for those low lying area. Along with the rising water level the
flood brings the scarcity in clean drinking water level. The concern of global
warming have bought the issue of flood mitigation all around the world. At
current the country is unable to adapt to the rising sea level as an impact of
climate change. So the new construction technique should be adapted for rising
sea level and flood. Amphibious structures should be developed in India as a
result of climate change.
1.4 HYPOTHESIS
The amphibious houses
will allow residents to keep their belongings and family dry from the flood
without damage. They will be able to continue much of their daily and income
generating activities. The initial cost of such technologies would be higher
than the standard method, however the long term performance of these
technologies would make them cost effective environment friendly options. A
measurable difference would be found in the enhancement achieved by the
project. The start of home based economic activities, physical and mental
health, increase in income, higher enrolment in education institutions and
planning for the future will be some of the differences notices amongst the
residents.
1 5 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
The finding of this
study will discuss the benefits of amphibious homes in India. Sea level rise
and frequent flood is one of the effect of climate change. India is a
peninsular country and covered by Indian Ocean, Bay of Bengal and Arabian Sea.
Many states in India have large amount of water in form of river, lakes.
Melting of ice and increase in population will increase the frequency of flood
and sea level rise also increase the danger of coastal and riverside buildings.
New technology and building type should be developed for this climatic change.
One of technique is Amphibious Architecture. Thus these technique should be
developed in India. Architects, Engineer should develop these new building type
in India and educate the common people about the climate change and new
building type. This study will help to discover the climate change and its
effect, construction technique, water dwelling typologies, building material,
cost effective construction of amphibious structures. A new building typology
can be implemented in India which can the answer for climate change.
CHAPTER-2
LITEREATURE
REVIEW
Amphibious
Architecture, a structure that will function both in land and water in response
to flood in low lying area. This concept is not new to world but still not
introduced in India. The buildings are made for land and boats for water. The
idea that can change this concept and aloe human to experience living in both
water and land in same dwelling is being adopted by handful of designers.[4]The
review of these books are as follows.
2.1 AMPHIBIOUS HOUSING
IN NETHERLAND
This book is likewise named as Architecture and Urbanization on water. A book by Anne Loes Nillesen and Jeroen Singelenberg that frameworks the patterns and trials in the design and its closeness to water. It is difficult to envision our spatial and urban arranging without water, and this book uncovers what is going on in land and/or water capable lodging and how that is advancing. This book displays the underlying proposition of the land and/or water capable system and accomplishing it in vast scale.[16]
2.1.1 ABOUT THE BOOK
Individuals have been living on and nearby water for a considerable length of time, and the Netherlands, with its polders, barriers and conduits, brags a one of a kind convention in such manner. The results of environmental change and urban extension for this thickly populated delta are awesome, which is a main impetus for explores different avenues regarding creative types of lodging and authoritative standards. Different lodging composes have been inferred for this watery condition over late years: coasting residences, land and/or water capable abodes, heap homes, hill homes and dam homes. The principal plans have just been acknowledged, however now those bunches of residences will develop into finish land and/or water capable regions with a devoted foundation, mains and administrations. This difficulties urban and rustic organizers, engineers, strategy producers, fashioners and different specialists to coordinate water in their dreams for lodging and urban improvement.
2.1.2 ABOUT THE AUTHORS
Anne Loes Nillesen Graduated from Delft University of Technology with a degree in Architecture and urban advancement. In 2005, she established D.EFAC. To engineering and urban arranging. Assignments fluctuate from drifting and land and/or water capable homes and structures to a ground breaking strategy for a private locale on the water.
Jeroen Singelenberg is program executive for Water Living at the Housing Experiments Steering Group (SEV). The SEV is an autonomous establishment that fortifies and assesses advancements in lodging charged by the legislature. As a social geographer and town and nation organizer, Jeroen Singelenberg has been engaged with various exploratory programs.[16]
2.1.3 PROJECTS
Het Nieuwe Water, Westland; Gouden Kust, Maasbommel; Acquavista, Almere; Steigereiland, Amsterdam; Nesselande, Rotterdam; H2O Wonen, Zeewolde; Stadswervwn, Dordrecht; West Flank, Haarlemmermeer; Hafencity, Hamburg; Sausalito Bay, California. These activities are depicted in book including the Construction strategy and detail portrayal of the structure are given. One of the accompanying venture Gouden Kust, Massnommel, Netherland is depicted in detail.
2.2 NETHERLAND MASSBOMMEL
Netherland is situated on the delta and experience flooding from waterways and from sea storms. Most people group in Netherland are secured with dykes, levees and conduits. In any case, some country towns are situated outside of these surge assurance structures. One of those country town is Mass bommel situated along Meuse River. In 2005 Dutch government allowed consent for development of "versatile building systems" in 15 destinations along the waterway, which brought about "Land and/or water capable structures". The consent was given to the Architects and Engineers from Factor Architecten and the contractual worker and task designer Dura Vermeer to build 34 Amphibious Houses and 14 Floating house. The house invests the majority of its energy laying on wharfs arranged along the banks of the Maas River which is inclined to high tidal variance and incessant flood.[2]
2.1.1 ABOUT THE BOOK
Individuals have been living on and nearby water for a considerable length of time, and the Netherlands, with its polders, barriers and conduits, brags a one of a kind convention in such manner. The results of environmental change and urban extension for this thickly populated delta are awesome, which is a main impetus for explores different avenues regarding creative types of lodging and authoritative standards. Different lodging composes have been inferred for this watery condition over late years: coasting residences, land and/or water capable abodes, heap homes, hill homes and dam homes. The principal plans have just been acknowledged, however now those bunches of residences will develop into finish land and/or water capable regions with a devoted foundation, mains and administrations. This difficulties urban and rustic organizers, engineers, strategy producers, fashioners and different specialists to coordinate water in their dreams for lodging and urban improvement.
2.1.2 ABOUT THE AUTHORS
Anne Loes Nillesen Graduated from Delft University of Technology with a degree in Architecture and urban advancement. In 2005, she established D.EFAC. To engineering and urban arranging. Assignments fluctuate from drifting and land and/or water capable homes and structures to a ground breaking strategy for a private locale on the water.
Jeroen Singelenberg is program executive for Water Living at the Housing Experiments Steering Group (SEV). The SEV is an autonomous establishment that fortifies and assesses advancements in lodging charged by the legislature. As a social geographer and town and nation organizer, Jeroen Singelenberg has been engaged with various exploratory programs.[16]
2.1.3 PROJECTS
Het Nieuwe Water, Westland; Gouden Kust, Maasbommel; Acquavista, Almere; Steigereiland, Amsterdam; Nesselande, Rotterdam; H2O Wonen, Zeewolde; Stadswervwn, Dordrecht; West Flank, Haarlemmermeer; Hafencity, Hamburg; Sausalito Bay, California. These activities are depicted in book including the Construction strategy and detail portrayal of the structure are given. One of the accompanying venture Gouden Kust, Massnommel, Netherland is depicted in detail.
2.2 NETHERLAND MASSBOMMEL
Netherland is situated on the delta and experience flooding from waterways and from sea storms. Most people group in Netherland are secured with dykes, levees and conduits. In any case, some country towns are situated outside of these surge assurance structures. One of those country town is Mass bommel situated along Meuse River. In 2005 Dutch government allowed consent for development of "versatile building systems" in 15 destinations along the waterway, which brought about "Land and/or water capable structures". The consent was given to the Architects and Engineers from Factor Architecten and the contractual worker and task designer Dura Vermeer to build 34 Amphibious Houses and 14 Floating house. The house invests the majority of its energy laying on wharfs arranged along the banks of the Maas River which is inclined to high tidal variance and incessant flood.[2]
2.3 HISTORY
2.3.1 Oregon
Yacht Club, Portland, USA, 1910
Oregon Yacht Club is a
community with 38 floating homes on the Willamette River, Portland, Oregon. The
close proximity of downtown with pastoral setting of OYC is regarded as one of
the best floating home village in the area. In OYC, there is a floating house
with 2 storeys and 212 square meters.[3]
Figure
2.3.1 Oregon Yacht Club, Portland, USA
2.3.2 IBA
Dock, Germany, 2009
The IBA Dock has 3 storeys and 1,640 square
meter floor area. The building is situated on an approximately 43m long and 26m
wide concrete pontoon, and the superstructures are made of steel in
prefabricated modular construction. The building is setting new standards in
the area of climate protection such as 25cm thick insulated outer walls.
The
building is based on “zero balance concept”, which focuses on solar energy
management and systems that provide buildings with sustainable heat and cooling
all year round. 16 solar thermal collectors with about 34 square meters on the
roof are positioned facing south. Heat pump is covered by solar PV cells, no
further cooling or heating energy is needed.[5]
Figure
2.3.2 IBA Dock, Germany
2.3.3 Floating Pavilion, Rotterdam, Netherlands, 2010
a complex comprising of three gliding half-circles with distances across of 18.5, 20 and 24 meters separately, and with add up to floor zone 1,104 square meters. The boat is made of extended polystyrene (EPS) joined with a network of solid bars.
Squander water is cleansed and reused for flushing toilets. Indeed, even the can water is purged and released into the surface water. The geodesic vaults are secured with to a great degree lightweight ethylenetetrafluoroethylene (ETFE) foils. The thwart rooftop comprises of three layers, loaded with air under strain for insulation.[6]
2.3.4 Autark Home, Netherlands, 2012
Waterway water is changed over to dark water through a channel. Furthermore, brilliant drinking water is cleansed through turn around osmosis in mix with the sand and UV channel. Prior to the waste water comes back to the stream, the water is cleaned for 90% by an implicit filtration framework. The approaching outside air is warmed or cooled by active depleted air through a warmth recuperation ventilation framework.
The power is provided by 24 sun oriented PV modules. The electrical vitality is put away in 24 batteries, providing enough power for 4 days for an ordinary family. The framework can convey 5,300 kWh multi year. On the show of the checking framework in lounge room, sun based generation can be viewed. In terrible climate condition, a bio-diesel generator supplies the home with extra power.[9]
2.3.5 IBA Dock, Hamburg
This building was composed by Prof. Han Slawik, Hannover, was the central station of the IBA Hamburg GmbH and in addition a data and occasion place for the IBA . It was halfway found and gave simple access to the guests to IBA. Presently the building is being utilized for Urban and Architecture data focus in Hamburg. [5]
2.3.6 Floating Pool, Prague
This skimming round pool venture was planned by the Czech planner group of Ondrej Lipensky and Andrea Kubna, accompanied the plan to clean the dirtied stream water and furthermore to offer the recreational office for the inhabitants. The memorable Vltava was a prominent swimming and skating place before industrialization. The roundabout pool structure will work like a mammoth gliding strainer to channel its sullied water, with the goal that the inhabitants can swim and skate there as previously. The planners proposed to make a few gliding recreational islands with the purging office of the material film. Clients can access by watercraft as well as coasting person on foot bridge[14]
2.3.7 Brockholes Visitor Center, UK, 2012
Brock openings sits on a light solid pontoon, held by four steel presents on stop it floating over the lake. It can ascend to 3 meters, which would just be essential in a fiasco, however will frequently ascend and around 40cm over multi year on the grounds that the site is inclined to flooding with a one-in-100-year danger of up to 3 meters and has a yearly water level variety of 40cm.
The draftsman planned high, soak pitched rooftops encasing expansive volumes (useful for air course and extraction), clad in oak shakes – harsh tiles. Drains are made of copper (long life, recyclable). Dim water framework and woodchip boilers add to the green scores. Ventilation is totally regular. Protection is a modest however successful material produced using reused daily papers. In winter the inward space can get most extreme sunlight and detached sun oriented warming. The deck currently sits over the water with a freeboard of just 150mm, giving the sentiment of extreme closeness to the lake.
2.3.8 Makoko Floating School, Nigeria, 2013
Makoko Floating School is a model skimming structure with territory of 220 square meters, worked for the notable water network of Makoko, Lagos, Nigeria. As a pilot venture, it has adopted a creative strategy to address the social and physical needs of the network considering the effect of environmental change and a quickly urbanizing setting. The general sythesis of the plan is a triangular A-Frame segment, with the classrooms situated on the second level. They are mostly encased with customizable louvered supports. There is a play area beneath, and the rooftop has an extra outdoors classroom.
It is intended to utilize sunlight based PV modules, to adjust regular ventilation, to reuse natural waste and to gather water for the latrine. Bamboo and wood from the nearby network are utilized as the principle material as the structure, support and completing for the finished school. The entire structure sits on a base of normal plastic barrels. The barrels at the outskirts can be utilized to store overabundance water from the catchment system.[8]
2.4 SOUTH INDIAN FLOOD
The 2015 South Indian
floods resulted from heavy rainfall from heavy rainfall generated by the annual
northeast monsoon in November and December 2015. They affected Coromandel Coast
region of Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh and the Union Territory Pondicherry.
Tamil Nadu and the City Chennai was particularly affected very badly. More than
500 people were killed and over 18 lakh people were displaced.
With estimate
damage and losses ranging from 50,000 crore to 1,00,000 crore.
2.5 CLASSIFICATION
OF WATER BUILDING
Water dwellings can be
categorized by their foundations and their
relationship to the
water.
2.5.1 TERP
DWELLING
A terp is an artificial
earthwork mound created to provide safe ground in the event of a rise in water
levels. The first terps were built in the Netherlands during 500 B.C where
tides from the nearby rivers affected daily routines. The terps were built up
to 15 meters high and was intended to keep a house dry and provide enough space
for cattle and food storage.
2.5.2 STATIC ELEVATION
One of the most common
methods is elevating a house to a required or Desired Base Flood Elevation
(BFE). they involve two technique as discussed below
(1) Lifting the house
and building a new or extending the existing foundation
below it
(2) Leaving the house
in place and either building an elevated floor within the house or adding a new
upper story.
Figure
2.5.2 Static Elevation
2.5.3 PILE DWELLING
Pile dwellings are a
type of housing built on top of concrete, steel or wooden poles and can be
found in shallow water, coastal areas, or lakes where hangs in the
water level can be predicted. This type of dwelling typically rests 8-15 feet
from the ground and has been used throughout the world as means of protection
from water. In Indonesia, Singapore, and other countries these housing are
called as "kelong" which are built for fishing.
Figure2.5.3 Pile dwelling
2.5.4 HOUSE BOATS
Houseboats began with
the conversion of ships and fishing vessels into livable environments. These
types of houses resemble a land based property in its design and construction
yet are buoyant enough to withstand the forces of water. In India houseboats
are common on the backwaters of Kerala, on Dal Lake near Srinagar.
Figure
2.5.4 Houseboats
2.5.5 AMPHIBIOUS
DWELLING
Amphibious housing is
a dwelling type that sits on land but is capable of floating. During a sudden
rise in water a house will be lifted by the water provided either by pontoons
or a hollow basement in order to ensure it remains dry and will then return to
the ground as the water recedes. By sliding along two vertical mooring poles
that are driven deep into the ground the houses are capable of rising
vertically while restricting horizontal movements on the water.
Figure
2.5.5 Amphibious Dwelling
2.6 Need of
Floating Houses in India
India has an immense beach front zone and in addition expansive surge inclined regions like Bihar, Assam and in numerous different states where relatively consistently, open face trouble because of surges and loss of lives and property happens. In the event that, the rule of development of gliding houses is received in which the houses would ascend amid surges and die down amid dry conditions, loss of lives and property can be dodged. Straightforward methods in view of adaptive plans ought to be intended for prerequisites. In this way, innovative work can be taken up as model tasks for growing such plans. In the beginning, life line structures in the surge inclined zones can be developed with such strategies. These structures will work notwithstanding amid period when they stay slice off because of surges and have no outside power and water.
In the islands and beach front territories, such houses will surely be received at some point or another and hence Indian modelers and creators should begin getting skill in this field to outline such houses. Gliding houses can likewise be worked for voyagers who might love to remain in such houses and India can create extensive income from the same.
Land and/or water capable engineering is an achievement that can be executed in existing structures too. It offers a manageable, ease surge alleviation methodology that spotlights on retrofit applications for existing homes. With each passing year, the rainstorm surges progressively torment the nation's urban and country regions and deplete its assets. On the off chance that the endeavors taken to remediate the catastrophes are diverted to protecting surge inclined territories against it, India would take a major jump towards guaranteeing that its consistent improvement isn't switched by nature's wrath.
2.7 Advantage Of Floating Building
Skimming building is profitable to use the different sustainable power sources on the grounds that sun powered, aqueous, wave and wind energies can be acquired effortlessly on the water contrasting and the expanding ashore. Clients of coasting building as a rule appreciate the serene, agreeable, and social climate around the water inside the indigenous habitat. One preferred standpoint of gliding engineering over regular structures is its versatility in perspective of changing positions or neighborhood.
Coasting building is essentially tolerable to an adjustment in water level in time of water related catastrophes and re-locatable and long haul usable because of portability.
1. Use of particular outline and development.
2. Re-usable and up cycled constructing material.
3. Establishment of water treatment framework.
4. Giving the renewal plausibility of old urban declining zone.
5. Offering the place to appreciate water-related relaxation exercises, characteristic view.
In this manner, skimming building can have points of interest from both ecological/monetary and social/mental perspectives contrasting and the expanding ashore.
In the islands and beach front territories, such houses will surely be received at some point or another and hence Indian modelers and creators should begin getting skill in this field to outline such houses. Gliding houses can likewise be worked for voyagers who might love to remain in such houses and India can create extensive income from the same.
Land and/or water capable engineering is an achievement that can be executed in existing structures too. It offers a manageable, ease surge alleviation methodology that spotlights on retrofit applications for existing homes. With each passing year, the rainstorm surges progressively torment the nation's urban and country regions and deplete its assets. On the off chance that the endeavors taken to remediate the catastrophes are diverted to protecting surge inclined territories against it, India would take a major jump towards guaranteeing that its consistent improvement isn't switched by nature's wrath.
2.7 Advantage Of Floating Building
Skimming building is profitable to use the different sustainable power sources on the grounds that sun powered, aqueous, wave and wind energies can be acquired effortlessly on the water contrasting and the expanding ashore. Clients of coasting building as a rule appreciate the serene, agreeable, and social climate around the water inside the indigenous habitat. One preferred standpoint of gliding engineering over regular structures is its versatility in perspective of changing positions or neighborhood.
Coasting building is essentially tolerable to an adjustment in water level in time of water related catastrophes and re-locatable and long haul usable because of portability.
1. Use of particular outline and development.
2. Re-usable and up cycled constructing material.
3. Establishment of water treatment framework.
4. Giving the renewal plausibility of old urban declining zone.
5. Offering the place to appreciate water-related relaxation exercises, characteristic view.
In this manner, skimming building can have points of interest from both ecological/monetary and social/mental perspectives contrasting and the expanding ashore.
2.8 Disadvantage Of
Floating Building
In addition,
disadvantageous aspects of floating building such as
1. possibility of natural disaster,
2. blocking the sunlight to water environment,
3. wet atmosphere to the human and building.
various
negative effects to the ecosystem might be investigated in depth and counter
measures to resolve need to be suggested through further study.
CHAPTER-3
METHODOLOGIES
3.1 MATERIAL USED IN
FLOATING BUILDING
3.1.1 Expanded Polystyrene(EPS) Foam
Extended Polystyrene protection is a lightweight, unbending, shut cell protection. EPS is accessible in a few compressive qualities to withstand stack and inlay powers. This shut cell structure gives insignificant water retention and low vapor perpetual quality. Normally Used as Insulation for dividers, establishments and material.
EPS Blocks are embedded in the voids of the solid squares and gave a mixed R estimation of R-15.3.
3.1.2 Foam Flute Fillers
Froth woodwind fillers made of reused extended polystyrene (EPS) are utilized to fill the flutes. By filling the foldings in the deck with EPS woodwind fillers it makes the scaffold lighter without affecting the basic respectability of the fortified cement.. EPS woodwind fillers are likewise utilized as a part of business material to fill the substantial woodwinds of steel rooftop decking. This adds to the protection in the rooftop and furthermore makes a level surface for strolling and applying extra unbending protection.
3.1.2 Foam Flute Fillers
Keeping in mind the end goal to outline for a particular buoy line, lightweight materials must be utilized. This is the reason lightweight cement is utilized when concrete is fundamental, and why the caisson has empty centers. A further measure to decreased weight is to order that all development be light-wood framing.[17]
3.1.3 Bamboo
Bamboo was picked as the building material for the land and/or water capable homes because of its adaptability, light weight, ecological advantages and ease. Thought it plentifully accessible it is as of now utilized as a part of enterprises just to scaffold and brief structures. The bamboo was 3 inch in measurement and cut into fluctuated length relying upon the use. Two openings were penetrated at each empty segment of the bamboo. These shafts were then submerged in a weakened concoction blend, a mix of water, boric corrosive and borax which shields the bamboo from creepy crawlies assault. The openings in bamboo will enable the blend to go through the inside holes breaking the starch content that pulls in the creepy crawlies. Two sorts of association were utilized
(1) a metal bar embedded firmly through a predrilled gaps crosswise over two individuals.
(2) hand tied nylon rope that checked the propensities of the part to pull separated. The pre-assembled segments of four long bamboo shafts with little stiffeners were the primary part made.
Solid canal boats glide due to the sheer volume of water uprooted by the freight ship. Acting as per the laws of material science, the heaviness of water dislodged squares with the heaviness of the canal boat.
3.1.4 OTHER MATERIAL
The cement used is somewhat similar to Ferro
cement but, instead of steel wire mesh, aluminum wire mesh is used possessing a
light weight than regular chicken mesh making an innovative type of
“Aluminicement”(Carbon fiber mesh can also replace the aluminium mesh as it is
the best among the light weight but strong meshes available). Pozzolanic
Portland Cement (PPC) reinforced with polypropylene fibers, for increasing the
binding among particles was used, pursuing following physical & chemical
properties
Physical properties of Portland Pozzolanic
Cement and OPC
|
||
Property
|
Results
|
|
Ordinary Portland Cement
|
Blended Pozzolanic Cement
|
|
Compressive Strength (MPa)
|
||
3 Day
|
11.3
|
10.7
|
7 Day
|
13.2
|
14.3
|
28 Day
|
16.9
|
21.2
|
Setting time (min)
|
||
Initial
|
120
|
164
|
Final
|
166
|
203
|
Specific Gravity
|
3.107
|
2.936
|
Fineness %
|
85.4
|
86.2
|
Soundness (mm)
|
0.5
|
1
|
Chemical properties of
Portland Pozzolanic Cement and OPC
Property
|
Results
|
|
Ordinary Portland Cement ( %)
|
Blended Pozzolanic Cement (%)
|
|
Loss on Ignition
|
2.05
|
1.05
|
Insoluble Residue
|
4.1
|
20
|
Total alkalis
|
0.59
|
0.71
|
Chloride Content
|
0.07
|
0.01
|
SiO2 Content
|
28.7
|
23.5
|
Al2O3 Content
|
13.5
|
12.9
|
CaO Content
|
53.6
|
47
|
MgO Content
|
2.21
|
1.74
|
Fe2O3 Content
|
2.27
|
2.04
|
SO3 Content
|
2.9
|
2.21
|
Ordinary Portland cement is replaced by PPC
because of its pozzolanic property as well as making it economical by the use
of cheaper pozzolanic material such as fly ash for sustainable development.
3.1.5 Aggregate
Locally available natural sand with 300 microns maximum size was used as fine aggregate.
Locally available natural sand with 300 microns maximum size was used as fine aggregate.
3.1.6 Admixtures
Aluminum fine powder is utilized as gas framing admixture. It produces cushiness in the solid same as preparing pop does in a cake. This admixture when added to mortar or solid blend respond artificially with hydroxides display in the bond and shape minute rises of hydrogen gas of size running from 0.1 to 1 mm all through the concrete water.
To abbreviate the setting time of the blend, the quickening admixture utilized is Calcium Chloride (CaCl2).
3.1.7 Mineral added substances:
Since we have made a light weight concrete with thickness not as much as that of water, it has somewhat less quality when contrasted with the traditional cement. Along these lines, to beat this downside, nanotechnology is taken as a help.
Nano-SiO2 having molecule measure under 100 nm, has been found to enhance solid functionality and quality, increment protection from water infiltration and to help control the filtering of calcium, which is nearly connected with different kinds of cement
3.1.8 Water sealing specialist :
One of the significant prerequisites of skimming concrete is it ought not have any spillage through it. The porosity of the solid mortar ought to nearly be equivalent to zero. Therefore a water sealing substance is required. Fixit powder is added to the mortar for influencing it to water safe.
3.2 PROPERTIES OF A MATERIAL
Light Weight: Density extend from 650 Kg/m3 to 1850 Kg/m3 when contrasted with 1800 Kg/m3 to 2400 Kg/m3 for ordinary block and cement separately. In spite of a great many minor air filled cells, it is solid and sturdy. There is Lightweight favorable position for the structure configuration, prompting reserve funds in supporting structures and establishment.
Compressive Strength: 2.0 to 7.0N/mm2.
Great Acoustic Performance: It can be utilized as viable sound wall and for acoustic arrangements. Consequently, very appropriate for segment dividers, floor screens/material and board material in theaters.
Tremor Resistant: Since lighter than concrete and block, the daintiness of the material expands obstruction against seismic tremor.
Protection: Superior warm protection properties contrasted with that of customary block and solid, so decreases the warming and cooling costs. In structures, light-weight solid will create a higher fire appraised structure.
Usefulness: Products produced using lightweight cement are lightweight, making them simple to put utilizing less gifted work. The blocks can be sawed, penetrated and formed like wood utilizing standard hand devices, general screws and nails. It is easier than block or cement.
Life expectancy: Weather verification, termite safe and flame resistant.
Reserve funds in Material: Reduces dead weight of filler dividers in confined structures by over half when contrasted with brickwork bringing about significant investment funds. Due to the greater and uniform state of squares, there is a sparing in bed mortar and mortar thickness. By and large the higher cost of the light-weight concrete is balanced by a lessening of auxiliary components, less fortifying steel and diminished volume of cement.
Water Absorption: Closed cell structures and consequently have bring down water assimilation.
Skim Coating: Do not require mortar and water repellent paint does the trick. Backdrops and mortars can likewise be connected specifically to the surface.
Modulus of Elasticity: The modulus of flexibility of the solid with lightweight totals is lower, 0.5 – 0.75 to that of the typical cement. In this manner more avoidance is there in lightweight cement.
3.2.1 Float Line
The buoy line is the line that signifies when the building will start to coast. Agreeing
to light guideline, if a question uproots a volume of water which weights a more prominent than the protest then it will skim. Moreover if a question uproot a volume of water that weighs not as much as the protest then the structure won't skim. The building will have a static square or rectangular establishment the volume of water can be changed just by the tallness of the building. This implies if the ocean level ascents the water volumes additionally grows, so if the ocean level ascents the structure with less weight than the ocean water will coast. The buoy line is to be intended for 5 feet beneath the dock if the water level ascents and the review ends up more extreme it won't on the grounds that the wharf will be totally immerses at that focuses.
To abbreviate the setting time of the blend, the quickening admixture utilized is Calcium Chloride (CaCl2).
3.1.7 Mineral added substances:
Since we have made a light weight concrete with thickness not as much as that of water, it has somewhat less quality when contrasted with the traditional cement. Along these lines, to beat this downside, nanotechnology is taken as a help.
Nano-SiO2 having molecule measure under 100 nm, has been found to enhance solid functionality and quality, increment protection from water infiltration and to help control the filtering of calcium, which is nearly connected with different kinds of cement
3.1.8 Water sealing specialist :
One of the significant prerequisites of skimming concrete is it ought not have any spillage through it. The porosity of the solid mortar ought to nearly be equivalent to zero. Therefore a water sealing substance is required. Fixit powder is added to the mortar for influencing it to water safe.
3.2 PROPERTIES OF A MATERIAL
Light Weight: Density extend from 650 Kg/m3 to 1850 Kg/m3 when contrasted with 1800 Kg/m3 to 2400 Kg/m3 for ordinary block and cement separately. In spite of a great many minor air filled cells, it is solid and sturdy. There is Lightweight favorable position for the structure configuration, prompting reserve funds in supporting structures and establishment.
Compressive Strength: 2.0 to 7.0N/mm2.
Great Acoustic Performance: It can be utilized as viable sound wall and for acoustic arrangements. Consequently, very appropriate for segment dividers, floor screens/material and board material in theaters.
Tremor Resistant: Since lighter than concrete and block, the daintiness of the material expands obstruction against seismic tremor.
Protection: Superior warm protection properties contrasted with that of customary block and solid, so decreases the warming and cooling costs. In structures, light-weight solid will create a higher fire appraised structure.
Usefulness: Products produced using lightweight cement are lightweight, making them simple to put utilizing less gifted work. The blocks can be sawed, penetrated and formed like wood utilizing standard hand devices, general screws and nails. It is easier than block or cement.
Life expectancy: Weather verification, termite safe and flame resistant.
Reserve funds in Material: Reduces dead weight of filler dividers in confined structures by over half when contrasted with brickwork bringing about significant investment funds. Due to the greater and uniform state of squares, there is a sparing in bed mortar and mortar thickness. By and large the higher cost of the light-weight concrete is balanced by a lessening of auxiliary components, less fortifying steel and diminished volume of cement.
Water Absorption: Closed cell structures and consequently have bring down water assimilation.
Skim Coating: Do not require mortar and water repellent paint does the trick. Backdrops and mortars can likewise be connected specifically to the surface.
Modulus of Elasticity: The modulus of flexibility of the solid with lightweight totals is lower, 0.5 – 0.75 to that of the typical cement. In this manner more avoidance is there in lightweight cement.
3.2.1 Float Line
The buoy line is the line that signifies when the building will start to coast. Agreeing
to light guideline, if a question uproots a volume of water which weights a more prominent than the protest then it will skim. Moreover if a question uproot a volume of water that weighs not as much as the protest then the structure won't skim. The building will have a static square or rectangular establishment the volume of water can be changed just by the tallness of the building. This implies if the ocean level ascents the water volumes additionally grows, so if the ocean level ascents the structure with less weight than the ocean water will coast. The buoy line is to be intended for 5 feet beneath the dock if the water level ascents and the review ends up more extreme it won't on the grounds that the wharf will be totally immerses at that focuses.
3.3 LAYOUT OF BUILDING
Figure
3.3.1 Layout Of Demonstrative model
3.3.1 DIMENSIONS AND
AREA OF THE MODEL
Center line length of
Building no. 1
Horizontal =
19’7”*3+5’=63’9”
Vertical =
17’7”*2+9’7”+4’7”+2’*2 = 52’9”
Total center line
length = 116’6”
T- Junction deduction
Length = C.
L.-{(width/2)*no. of junction}
=
116’6”-{(5”/2)*6} =
115.25 feet
Area = center line
length * width
=
115.25’*5” =
6915” = 576.25 square feet
Volume = area *height
=
576.25’*9’ =
746820” = 62235 cubic feet
Center line length of
Building no. 2
Horizontal =
22’7”*2+9’7”*3 = 73’11”
Vertical =
19’7”*2+16’+14’ = 69’1”
Total center line
length = 142’
T- Junction deduction
Length =
C.L.-{(width/2) * no. of junction}
=
142’-{(5”/2)*9} =
140.125 feet
Area = center line
length * width
=
140.125’*5” =
8407.5” = 700.625 square feet
Volume = area * height
=
700.625*9 =
6305.625 cubic feet.
3.4 DEMONSTRATIVE
MODEL
Figure
3.4.1 Actual Photo Of The Demonstrative Model
3.5 STABILITY
ANALYSIS
3.5.1 Degree of
Floating Stability
The term stability
refers to the tendency of a body to return to its original state after it has
suffered a small disturbance4. The degree of stability refers to how quick will the body
return to the upright or its original position (Rawson and Tupper, 2001). For
floating structure, the structural stability is very important to prevent
structural failure caused by bending moment and displacement. Moreover, failure
in maintaining the floating stability will cause the object to overturn5. Thus, the stability is
one of the security requirements for all the floating structural design. [6]
According to Roberson and Crowe (1993), the floating stability
of an object is determined by the center of the buoyancy (C), the centroid of
the displaced volume of fluid) of a floating body which depends on the shape of
the body and on the position in which it is floating. If the body is disturbed
by a small angle of heel, the center of buoyancy changes because the shape of
the submerged volume is changed. The point of intersection of the lines of
action of the buoyancy force before and after heel is called the Meta-centre
(M) and the distance between the center of Gravity (G) and M, is called the
meta-centric height (GM)8. The expression for the meta-centric height GM is,
GM = Ioo/V – CG
For a cubical object
to float in a liquid of density, ρ, with a depth of immersion, h, the centre of
buoyancy is C, and Gc and Gb are the centers of gravity of the object as shown
in Figure 3.4.1. The centre of gravity of the object is G and its
meta-centre is M.
Figure 3.5.1Meta-centric height for cubical
floating body.
The formula for h in
terms of the cubical object, the density of the liquid, ρ. The expression for
the meta-centric height, GM, is,
GM = Ioo/V
– CG
Where Ioo is
the moment of inertia of the waterline area about the axis of
disturbance, and V is
volume of the displaced liquid. The moment inertia of a cubical body, Ioo =
(bh3)/12.
3.6 STABILITY ANALYSIS
OF THE MODEL
3.6.1 Position of
Centre of Buoyancy of the model:
Length =
0.885m
Width =
0.394m
Depth =
0.044m
Volume
of Base =
0.885*0.394*0.044 = 0.0153m3
Density of Foam Board
(δ) = 65 kg/m3
Weight of
Base =
δ*g*volume
=
65*9.81*0.0153
=
9.789 N
For equilibrium the
weight of water displaced = Weight of base block
=
9.789 N
∴Volume
of water displaced = weight of water displaced ÷ weight density of water
=
9.789 ÷ 1000×9.81
=
0.000997 m3
Position of Centre of
buoyancy :
Volume
of base in water = Volume of water displaced
∴ 0.885×h×0.394 = 0.000997 m3
Where h is depth of base in water
h
= 0.28 cm
Centre of buoyancy =
0.28/2 = 0.143cm from base
3.6.2 Position of
Centre of buoyancy of actual in site:
Length =
15.85 m
Width =
7.32 m
Depth =
1.5 m
Volume
of Base =
15.85×7.32×1.5 = 174.033 m3
Density of Foam Board
(δ) = 65 kg/m3
Weight of
Base =
δ*g*volume
= 65×9.81×174.033
= 110972.14 N
For equilibrium the weight
of water displaced = Weight of base block
= 110972.14 N
∴Volume
of water displaced = weight of water displaced ÷ weight density
of water
= 110972.14 ÷ 1000×9.81
= 11.312 m3
Position of Centre of
buoyancy :
Volume of base in
water = Volume of water displaced
∴ 15.85×h×7.32 = 11.312 m3
Where h is depth of
base in water
h
= 0.0975 m
Centre of buoyancy =
0.0975/2 = 0.04875 m from base.
3.6.3 Weight bear by
the base of building
Buoyancy force =
weight of the body
B = W
δVg = mg
δ(LBH
) = m
1000×15.85×7.32×1.5 = m
∴ m = 174033 kg
3.6.4 Buoyant force
due to self-weight (1.871 kg ) of floating building model
Up-Thrust =
Weight of water displaced
= 0.3×88.5×39.4 =
1046.07 cm3
= 1gm/cm3 ×
1046.07
= 1046.07 gm.= 1.04607
kg of water displaced.
3.6.5 Buoyant force
due to loading10.203 kg on floating building model
Up-Thrust = Weight of
water displaced
= 2.25×88.5×39.4 =
7845.525 cm3
= 1gm/cm3 ×
7845.525 cm3
= 7845.525 gm.= 7.845
kg of water displaced.
Hence our base will
bear a 174033 kg of load which will come above the base of foundation.
3.6.6 Calculation of
meta centric height
I =BD3 /12
Ixx= 44x8853/12
= 2541565125
mm3
Iyy= 885x443/12
= 6282320
mm3
Metacentric
Height=I/y-BG
Where,
B.G=20.5mm
Meta centric
height = (25.42x108/1.543x107)-20.5mm= 145.21mm
CHAPTER-4
RESULT AND DISCUSSIONS
Our base should bear
174033 kg of external load in actual at site and in a prototype 10.203 Kg of
load should bear. If we applied extra load on the structure then it may get
submerged. The meta centric height of building is 145 mm in prototype. The
buoyancy force of the prototype is 1.04607 kg. It can be stable with the
water velocity of 0.52 m/sec. Tilting and rotations control were considered in this study.
Thus point load effect was determined for each dimension. Any rotation more
than 5 degrees was considered as a failure then, the system redesigned with
extra pontoon to decrease the rotation with different point loads.
However,
the mean score regarding to the extra cost of this system shows that people are
so sensitive about economic consideration. Although, the people with
familiarity to the floating system have higher payment admission, the expecting
level of cost is in low category. This issue should be covered by governmental
founding, which is normally spent for flood mitigation strategy in developing
countries.
S.NO
|
LOAD
|
DISTANCE
|
SUBMERGENCE
|
1
|
2 kg corner
|
35 cm from centre
|
4 cm from base
|
2
|
2.20 kg centre
|
35 cm from centre
|
4.4 cm from base
|
3
|
2.5 kg front
|
35 cm from left and
8 cm from front
|
4 cm from base
|
4
|
7 kg
|
centre
|
1cm from top-centre
3 cm from bottom
|
5
|
9 kg
|
centre
|
2 cm from top
2 cm from bottom-end
|
6
|
10.203 kg at centre
|
centre
|
Full submergence
|
4.1 Table Showing The Calculations of stability
CHAPTER-5
CONCLUSION
As climate change like
global warming advances, level of sea and river rises. Usable land in urban
area becomes less and the price is rising due to continuous expanding
development. And people want to enjoy the activities on water rather than on
land according the improved level of living. This paper aims to investigate the
applications of sustainable factors in floating architectures and to suggest
some reference ideas for new projects.
Floating
Building on water has been emerging as a sustainable alternative around the
waterside region, and floating building can be regarded as one of the most
sustainable building types if proper sustainable factors would be applied.
The rise of water level due to global warming increases the sea
level over the land surface. Floating architecture provides the way to live
safely with the rising water level. Floating houses reduce the damage due to
property and human life significantly. The design is carried out using light
weight construction materials and the entire structure has a stable
arrangement. This upcoming technology will be in practice in many part of the
world, when the existing land surface is taken away by the rising water level.
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